How Textile Fabrics Are Classified

Textile fabrics, commonly known as cloth, are materials formed by the union of fibers or threads, which can be natural or synthetic. They are present in many aspects of our lives, such as clothing, bed and bath linens, decoration, tapestry, and even technical applications.

Knowing how fabrics are classified helps us select the right material for their end use. In the textile sector, there are different ways of classifying fabrics, the most common being the manufacturing method, the composition of the yarn, the dyeing state, and technical finishes.

In this article, you will learn about the most common classification systems, explained clearly and precisely.

According to the manufacturing method

The classification of fabrics and the way they are constructed is divided into flat and knitted fabrics and nonwoven fabrics.

a) Flat fabrics

Also known as open weave fabrics, they are obtained by interlacing two sets of threads: warp (longitudinal threads) and weft (transverse threads) that cross at right angles. Some examples are linen, poplin, brocade, denim, and satin.

Key features:

• High resistance.
• Stability.
• Low elasticity, which provides rigidity and definition to the final piece.

These types of fabrics are widely used for making everyday clothing, upholstery, and bed linen.

b) Knitted fabrics

These are obtained by intertwining fibers into interconnected loops or knots. They can be divided into:

• Weft knit: in which the yarn forms loops in a horizontal direction. Some examples are jersey, rib knit, and interlock.
• Warp knit: in which the loops are formed vertically. Examples of this type of fabric are tricot and raschel.

Key features:

• High elasticity, both longitudinal and transverse.
• Comfort and thermal insulation.
• Softness.

They are commonly used in T-shirts, outerwear, underwear, and hosiery.

c) Nonwoven fabrics

This type of fabric differs in that it does not follow a warp and weft structure. Instead, the fibers are arranged randomly or directionally and bonded together by heat, pressure, or adhesives.

Key features:

• Low production cost.
• Disposable, making them useful for technical applications.
• Highly versatile.

They are frequently used in healthcare products, geotextiles, and filters, among others.

Depending on the composition of the thread

Another way to classify textiles is by considering the type of fibers that make up the yarn used to manufacture the fabric, as this characteristic can directly influence the properties of the final pieces.

a) Pure fabrics

These are made from a single type of fiber, either natural or synthetic. Some examples are 100% cotton, virgin wool, or pure polyester. They are valued for their uniform behavioral properties.

b) Blended fabrics

They are manufactured using yarns containing several combined fibres, a classic example being polyester-cotton fabrics. The aim is to ensure that the fabrics combine the best characteristics of each component, such as strength, softness, durability, ease of ironing, and reduced shrinkage.

c) Mixed or interwoven fabrics

In the case of these types of fabrics, different threads are used in the warp and weft, such as rayon warp and silk weft or a combination of nylon and viscose. This allows for more complex aesthetic or tactile effects, as well as differentiated properties in each direction of the fabric.

According to the state of dyeing

Fabrics are also often classified according to whether or not they have undergone dyeing processes.

a) Raw fabrics

Also known as white fabrics. These are fabrics that have not been bleached or dyed. They are commonly used in processes where the fabric is to be dyed at a later stage or where the natural appearance of the material is to be preserved.

b) Dyed fabrics

The dye can be applied at the fibre, yarn, or finished fabric level, depending on the desired effect. These include fabrics with fancy yarns or special effects. In the case of dyed silk, these are known as boiled fabrics, which are highly prized for their lustre and depth of colour. 

Technical and innovative fabrics

The textile industry has developed new technologies to offer innovative and functional fabrics, adapted to demanding sectors such as technical fashion, the automotive industry, and medicine.

a) Heat-sealed fabrics

They are obtained by joining two layers of fabric or film using heat or adhesives, without seams. They are often used in the manufacture of waterproof clothing or protective garments, for example.

b) Flocked fabrics

These fabrics are coated with short fibres that give them a velvety feel, making them highly valued in the decoration and fashion sectors.

c) Laminated fabrics with foam

This type of fabric incorporates a layer of foam bonded to the base fabric, providing thermal insulation or a padded effect. It is commonly used in the manufacture of thermal clothing, jackets, and uniforms.

d) Coated fabrics

In this case, the base fabric is covered with a layer of PVC, polyurethane, or neoprene, which gives it waterproofing properties and mechanical and chemical resistance. They are used in workwear, backpacks, and outdoor equipment.

The classification of textile fabrics not only helps us to organise them, but also to better understand their properties, uses, and applications for each context.

Depending on the classification of fabric types we use, manufacturing method, composition, dyeing status, or technical finish, we can make more informed decisions in terms of design, functionality, or sustainability.

Are you interested in knowing more about wool yarns or fabrics for your industry? At Hilaturas Jesús Rubio, we would be delighted to advise you and share our experience.

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